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Darcus Howe

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Darcus Howe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leighton Rhett Radford Howe</div> 26 February 1943 (1943-02-26) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Moruga" title="Moruga">Moruga</a>, <a href="Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 2017(2017-04-01) (aged 74) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Streatham" title="Streatham">Streatham</a>, <a href="London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Radford Howe; Darcus Owusu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Queen's_Royal_College" title="Queen's Royal College">Queen's Royal College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Broadcaster, columnist, activist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panthers</a>, <a href="Mangrove_Nine" title="Mangrove Nine">Mangrove Nine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Race_Today" title="Race Today">Race Today</a>, <a href="Black_on_Black_(TV_series)" title="Black on Black (TV series)">Black on Black</a>, Bandung File</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Leila_Hassan" title="Leila Hassan">Leila Hassan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tamara_Howe" title="Tamara Howe">Tamara Howe</a> (daughter) <a href="Darcus_Beese" title="Darcus Beese">Darcus Beese</a> (son)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darcushowe.org/darcus-howe/">darcushowe.org/darcus-howe/</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Leighton Rhett Radford "Darcus" Howe (26 February 1943 – 1 April 2017)<a href="#cite_note-bbc_obit-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-2">[2]</a> was a British broadcaster, writer<a href="#cite_note-Howe-16-Aug-2011-3">[3]</a> and racial justice campaigner. Originally from <a href="Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, Howe arrived in England as a teenager in 1961, intending to study law and settling in London. There he joined the <a href="British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panthers</a>, a group named in sympathy with the <a href="US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> <a href="Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

He came to public attention in 1970 as one of the nine protestors, known as the <a href="Mangrove_Nine" title="Mangrove Nine">Mangrove Nine</a>, arrested and tried on charges that included conspiracy to incite a riot, following a protest against repeated police raids of <a href="The_Mangrove" title="The Mangrove">The Mangrove</a> restaurant in <a href="Notting_Hill" title="Notting Hill">Notting Hill</a>, London. They were all acquitted of the most serious charges and the trial became the first judicial acknowledgement of behaviour (the repeated raids) motivated by racial hatred, rather than legitimate <a href="Crime_control" title="Crime control">crime control</a>, within the <a href="Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>. In 1981, he organised a 20,000-strong "Black People's Day of Action" in protest at the handling of the investigation into the <a href="New_Cross_house_fire" title="New Cross house fire">New Cross house fire</a>, in which 13 black teenagers died.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

Howe was an editor of <a href="Race_Today" title="Race Today">Race Today</a>, and chairman of the <a href="Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>. He was best known as a television broadcaster in the UK for his <a href="Black_on_Black_(TV_series)" title="Black on Black (TV series)">Black on Black</a> series on <a href="Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, his current affairs programme Devil's Advocate, and his work with <a href="Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> on Bandung File.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> His television work also included White Tribe (2000), a look at modern Britain and its loss of "Englishness"; Slave Nation (2001); Who You Callin' a Nigger? (2004); and Is This My Country? (2006), a search for his West Indian identity.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vallely-11">[11]</a> He was a <a href="Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a> for the <a href="New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and <a href="The_Voice_(British_newspaper)" title="The Voice (British newspaper)">The Voice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_activism_and_writing">Early life, activism and writing</h2></div>

Leighton Rhett Radford Howe<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">[4]</a> was born in the village of <a href="Moruga" title="Moruga">Moruga</a> in Trinidad, the son of teacher Lucille (née Rudder) and Cipriani Howe, an <a href="Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> priest.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">[4]</a> Howe was schooled in <a href="Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> at <a href="Queen's_Royal_College" title="Queen's Royal College">Queen's Royal College</a> (QRC),<a href="#cite_note-Vallely-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> where he won a scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">[4]</a>

At the age of 18, after leaving QRC, Howe moved to England,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> arriving on the <a href="SS_Antilles" title="SS Antilles">SS Antilles</a> at <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a><a href="#cite_note-Howe5March1999-16">[16]</a> on 11 April 1961, after a two-week journey, and taking a train on to <a href="London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PoliticalBiog-17">[17]</a> He intended to study law, but after two years at <a href="Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> he left,<a href="#cite_note-PoliticalBiog-17">[17]</a> becoming more involved with journalism. In 1969, he returned to Trinidad,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> where his uncle and <a href="Mentor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentor">mentor</a>, radical <a href="Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> <a href="C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a>, inspired him to combine writing with <a href="Political_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activism">political activism</a>. A brief spell as assistant editor on the Vanguard, weekly newspaper of the <a href="Oilfields_Workers'_Trade_Union" title="Oilfields Workers' Trade Union">Oilfields Workers' Trade Union</a>, was followed by a return to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-RedPepper-19">[19]</a>

Howe became a member of the <a href="British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panther Movement</a>, and adopted the nickname "Darcus" around that time.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the summer of 1970 he took part in a protest against the frequent police raids of the <a href="Mangrove_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove restaurant">Mangrove restaurant</a> in Notting Hill, where he worked on the till. The restaurant had become a meeting place for black people, serving as what Howe called the "headquarters of <a href="Radical_chic" title="Radical chic">radical chic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It was raided 12 times between January 1969 and July 1970 by police looking for drugs, and so 150 demonstrators marched on the local police station in protest, a demonstration that ended in violence. Six weeks later, Howe and eight others (the Mangrove Nine) were arrested for riot, affray and assault.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In what would come to be considered a landmark case, Howe elected to represent himself.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He and four of his co-defendants were acquitted of all charges after a 55-day trial in 1971 at the <a href="Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a>, which included an unsuccessful demand by Howe for an all-black jury,<a href="#cite_note-mangrovenine-24">[24]</a> and fighting in the dock when some of the defendants tried to punch the prison officers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The judge stated that there was "evidence of <a href="Racial_hatred" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial hatred">racial hatred</a> on both sides".<a href="#cite_note-mangrovenine-24">[24]</a>

From 1973 to 1985, Howe served as editor of the magazine <a href="Race_Today" title="Race Today">Race Today</a> (1973–88), which was originally connected with the <a href="Institute_of_Race_Relations_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Race Relations (United Kingdom)">Institute of Race Relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> As Howe recalled in 2013: <blockquote>When the institute set up Race Today, it began by publishing mainly <a href="Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a> articles on the colonial territories. It later focused on British immigration, especially the children of the first generation, from India, Pakistan, Africa and the Caribbean. After a shift on the council in a more radical direction, they appointed me, the first black editor. We turned it into a radical black newspaper. We moved it to <a href="Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>, reoriented the whole journal, and worked with ex-Panthers who'd squatted in Brixton, including the writer and activist <a href="Farrukh_Dhondy" title="Farrukh Dhondy">Farrukh Dhondy</a>. The intention was to be aggressively campaigning, and to 'record and recognise' the emerging struggles in the black community.<a href="#cite_note-RedPepper-19">[19]</a></blockquote> The Brixton-based Race Today Collective<a href="#cite_note-Evan-27">[27]</a> also included <a href="Linton_Kwesi_Johnson" title="Linton Kwesi Johnson">Linton Kwesi Johnson</a>, <a href="Barbara_Beese" title="Barbara Beese">Barbara Beese</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">[4]</a> Howe's successor as editor, <a href="Leila_Hassan" title="Leila Hassan">Leila Hassan</a>, would eventually become his third wife.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

In 1977, Howe was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for <a href="Assault#England_and_Wales" title="Assault">assault</a>, after a racially motivated altercation at a <a href="London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> Station, but was released upon appeal after protests over his arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Howe5March1999-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Relations1977-29">[29]</a> Linton Kwesi Johnson contributed a song, "Man Free (For Darcus Howe)", to the campaign for his release.<a href="#cite_note-Habekost1993-30">[30]</a>

Howe was involved over many years with the <a href="Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>, both as a participant — in 1971 he founded the Renegades steelband, sponsored by Race Today and eventually called Mangrove/Renegades<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> — and as Chair of the Carnival Development Committee, elected in April 1977.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</h2></div>

In 1982, Howe began his broadcasting career on <a href="Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s television series <a href="Black_on_Black_(TV_series)" title="Black on Black (TV series)">Black on Black</a>, was subsequently co-editor with <a href="Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> of <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> File (1985–91)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and later White Tribe, a look at modern-day Britain and its loss of <a href="Englishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishness">Englishness</a>. Howe continued to write in the <a href="New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and fronted the <a href="Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> current affairs programme Devil's Advocate (1992–96).<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">[4]</a> He was a <a href="Keynote_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynote speaker">keynote speaker</a> at the 2005 <a href="Belfast_Film_Festival" title="Belfast Film Festival">Belfast Film Festival</a>'s "Film and Racism" seminar and presented his documentary Who You Callin' a Nigger? at the festival.

In October 2005, Howe presented a Channel 4 documentary entitled Son of Mine, about his troubled relationship with his 20-year-old son Amiri, who had been caught handling stolen passports, shoplifting, and accused of attempted rape, of which Amiri was later found not guilty at the <a href="Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Howe appeared on the discussion programme <a href="Midweek_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Midweek (BBC Radio 4)">Midweek</a> (on <a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>) to promote the documentary on 19 October 2005 and, live on air, became involved in an angry debate with American <a href="Comedian" title="Comedian">comedian</a> <a href="Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The dispute began when Howe suggested that Rivers was offended by the use of the term "Black"; Rivers objected strongly to the suggestion that she was racist and accused Howe of having a "chip on his shoulder".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

Is This My Country? (<a href="Paul_Yule_(photojournalist)" title="Paul Yule (photojournalist)">Paul Yule</a>, 2006) was a reflection on his life and a search for his <a href="West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> identity in the face of strident calls for assertions of <a href="Britishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Britishness">Britishness</a> by the <a href="Political_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Political elite">political elite</a>.

Howe was one of several public figures who fell foul of satirist and prankster <a href="Chris_Morris_(satirist)" title="Chris Morris (satirist)">Chris Morris</a> on Morris's show <a href="Brass_Eye" title="Brass Eye">Brass Eye</a>, in the final episode, "Decline". Instead of a legitimate interview, Morris hurled a volley of degrading insults at him, before quickly apologising and claiming to have mistakenly read out the introduction to <a href="Robert_Elms" title="Robert Elms">Robert Elms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2011_BBC_interview">2011 BBC interview</h2></div>

Howe was interviewed by <a href="Fiona_Armstrong" title="Fiona Armstrong">Fiona Armstrong</a> for <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> on 9 August 2011 at the time of the <a href="2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots">2011 England riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> During the interview, Armstrong twice referred to him as "Marcus Dowe", then asked: "You are not a stranger to riots yourself, I understand, are you? You have taken part in them yourself." Howe denied this, saying: "I have never taken part in a single riot. I've been part of demonstrations that ended up in a conflict. Have some respect for an old <a href="West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> <a href="Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a>, and stop accusing me of being a rioter. Because you wanted for me to get abusive, you just sound idiotic—have some respect."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The BBC apologised for any offence the interview caused,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and said "it had not intended to show him any disrespect".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

Asked about the unfolding situation in London, Howe discussed the <a href="Death_of_Mark_Duggan" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Mark Duggan">death of Mark Duggan</a>: "What I am not – what I'm concerned about more than anything else, there's a young man called Mark Duggan. He has parents, he has brothers, he has sisters, and two yards away from where he lives, a police officer blew his head off."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage,_children_and_death">Marriage, children and death</h2></div>

Howe was married three times and had seven children.

Howe was married to the British editor and activist <a href="Leila_Hassan" title="Leila Hassan">Leila Hassan</a>, who succeeded him as editor of Race Today.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">[4]</a> The 2005 Channel 4 documentary Son of Mine examines Howe's relationship with his 20-year-old son Amiri Howe, who faced jail for charges related to stolen passports.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Howe's daughter <a href="Tamara_Howe" title="Tamara Howe">Tamara Howe</a> was a director of production for <a href="London_Weekend_Television" title="London Weekend Television">London Weekend Television</a> before moving to the BBC, where she rose to be Controller of Business, Comedy & Entertainment, Television.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

Howe also had a relationship with fellow Black Panther and Mangrove Nine member <a href="Barbara_Beese" title="Barbara Beese">Barbara Beese</a>, and they have a son, <a href="Darcus_Beese" title="Darcus Beese">Darcus Beese</a>, who is a former president of <a href="Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

Howe was diagnosed with <a href="Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> in April 2007 and he subsequently campaigned for more men to get tested.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He died aged 74 on 1 April 2017, at his home in <a href="Streatham" title="Streatham">Streatham</a>, London, where he lived with his wife Leila Howe.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_obit-1">[1]</a> An event in his honour, "Tribute to Darcus, Man Free", took place at the <a href="Black_Cultural_Archives" title="Black Cultural Archives">Black Cultural Archives</a> on Sunday, 9 April.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On 20 April, his funeral service was held at <a href="All_Saints_Notting_Hill" title="All Saints Notting Hill">All Saints Notting Hill</a> Church, following the cortege's procession through Brixton, with wreath-laying at the <a href="Railton_Road" title="Railton Road">Railton Road</a> building where the Race Today collective was formerly based.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Those who gave spoken tributes and eulogies at the church included his daughter Tamara and <a href="Farrukh_Dhondy" title="Farrukh Dhondy">Farrukh Dhondy</a>. A note of condolence from <a href="Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> was read out.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_legacy">Academic legacy</h2></div>

Darcus Howe: a Political Biography, by Robin Bunce of <a href="Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> and human rights activist Paul Field, was published in 2013 by <a href="Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and in a 2017 paperback edition entitled Renegade: The Life and Times of Darcus Howe.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

The Darcus Howe Papers – containing "correspondence, writings, interview transcripts, court reports and transcripts, printed material, and audio and video tapes regarding the life and work of journalist and activist, Darcus Howe—a British citizen and native of Trinidad" – are archived at <a href="Columbia_University_Libraries" title="Columbia University Libraries">Columbia University Libraries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2></div>

Howe appears in the 1973 <a href="Franco_Rosso" title="Franco Rosso">Franco Rosso</a> and <a href="John_La_Rose" title="John La Rose">John La Rose</a> documentary film The Mangrove Nine.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

Actor <a href="Malachi_Kirby" title="Malachi Kirby">Malachi Kirby</a> portrays Howe in the <a href="Mangrove_(film)" title="Mangrove (film)">Mangrove</a> episode of <a href="Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a>'s 2020 film anthology/television miniseries <a href="Small_Axe_(miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Axe (miniseries)">Small Axe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<a href="Linton_Kwesi_Johnson" title="Linton Kwesi Johnson">Linton Kwesi Johnson</a> wrote about Darcus Howe in the song “Man Free” on his 1978 debut album <a href="Dread_Beat_an'_Blood" title="Dread Beat an' Blood">Dread Beat an' Blood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Habekost1993-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

In March 2023, a special memorial edition of Race Today dedicated to Howe was published, linked to what would have been his 80th birthday and coinciding with the launch of the magazine's on-line archive at an event organised by the Darcus Howe Legacy Collective,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> hosted at <a href="Goldsmiths%2C_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths, University of London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> at which journalist and broadcaster <a href="Gary_Younge" title="Gary Younge">Gary Younge</a> was the keynote speaker.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Black Sections in the Labour Party, London: Creation for Liberation, 1985. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0947716066</bdi></li>

<li>President Nyerere in Conversation with Darcus Howe and Tariq Ali, London: Creation for Liberation, 1986. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0947716073</bdi></li>

<li>From Bobby to Babylon: Blacks and the British Police, London: Race Today Publications, 1988. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0947716127</bdi></li></ul>

As editor

<ul><li> The Road Make to Walk on Carnival Day: The Battle for the West Indian Carnival in Britain, London: Race Today Collective, 1977.</li>

<li>With <a href="Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Margaret Busby</a>, C. L. R. James's 80th Birthday Lectures (lectures delivered in I981 at <a href="Kingsway_Princeton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsway Princeton College">Kingsway Princeton College</a>), London: Race Today Publications, 1984. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0947716011</bdi>.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">British African-Caribbean community</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

<li id="cite_note-bbc_obit-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_obit_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_obit_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39473698">"Civil rights activist Darcus Howe dies aged 74"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215212304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39473698">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 2 April 2017.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Columbia-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_2-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_7089617/summary">"Darcus Howe Papers, 1965–2008"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928040937/http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_7089617/summary">Archived</a> 28 September 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Columbia University Libraries.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Howe-16-Aug-2011-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Howe-16-Aug-2011_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHowe2011" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Darcus (16 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/25261/Darcus+Howe%3A+%E2%80%98My+father+curfewed+me+and+I+jumped+through+the+window%E2%80%99">"Darcus Howe: 'My father curfewed me and I jumped through the window'"</a>. <a href="Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524072342/http://socialistworker.co.uk/art/25261/Darcus+Howe%3A+%E2%80%98My+father+curfewed+me+and+I+jumped+through+the+window%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Guardian_obit-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_obit_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_obit_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_obit_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_obit_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_obit_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_obit_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_obit_4-6">g</a> <cite id="CITEREFBuncePaul_Field2017" class="citation news cs1">Bunce, Robin; Paul Field (3 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/03/darcus-howe-obituary">"Darcus Howe obituary"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043802/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/03/darcus-howe-obituary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/neil-kenlocks-photos-give-the-british-black-panthers-the-legacy-they-deserve/">"The Amazing Lost Legacy of the British Black Panthers"</a>, <a href="Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a>, 8 October 2013.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/darcus-howe">Darcus Howe profile page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403020048/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/darcus-howe">Archived</a> 3 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2011.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPerry2016" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Kennetta Hammond (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yn-hCgAAQBAJ&q=%22darcus+howe%22+%22black+people%27s+day+of+action%22&pg=PA245">London is the Place for Me: Black Britons, Citizenship, and the Politics of Race</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780190240202</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0397797/">"Darcus Howe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403020603/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0397797/">Archived</a> 3 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Davies, Caroline, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/02/darcus-howe-writer-broadcaster-and-civil-rights-campaigner-dies-aged-74">"Darcus Howe, writer, broadcaster and civil rights campaigner, dies aged 74"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402174545/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/02/darcus-howe-writer-broadcaster-and-civil-rights-campaigner-dies-aged-74">Archived</a> 2 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 2 April 2017.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/programmes/themes/darcus-howe-season">"Darcus Howe season"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105054201/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/themes/darcus-howe-season">Archived</a> 5 January 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Channel 4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vallely-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vallely_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vallely_11-1">b</a> Vallely, Paul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/darcus-howe-the-bruiser-321415.html">"Darcus Howe: The bruiser"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520072437/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/darcus-howe-the-bruiser-321415.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Independent, 21 October 2005.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="Peter_Wilby" title="Peter Wilby">Wilby, Peter</a>,

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/04/remembering-great-darcus-howe-gibraltar-s-phoney-war-and-cricket-s-brain-freeze">"Remembering the great Darcus Howe, Gibraltar's phoney war, and cricket's brain freeze"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094214/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/04/remembering-great-darcus-howe-gibraltar-s-phoney-war-and-cricket-s-brain-freeze">Archived</a> 21 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Statesman, 11 April 2017.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/leading-activist-darcus-howe-dies-aged-74">"Leading Activist Darcus Howe Dies Aged 74"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092551/http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/leading-activist-darcus-howe-dies-aged-74">Archived</a> 21 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Voice, 2 April 2017.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> McFarlane, Gary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isj.org.uk/black-power-comes-to-britain/">"Black Power comes to Britain"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702083016/http://isj.org.uk/black-power-comes-to-britain/">Archived</a> 2 July 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="International_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialism">International Socialism</a>, Issue 143, 26 June 2014.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Howe, Darcus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2007/03/black-youth-britain-london">"The heroic struggle of black parenthood"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170338/http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2007/03/black-youth-britain-london">Archived</a> 5 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Statesman, 12 March 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Howe5March1999-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howe5March1999_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howe5March1999_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHowe1999" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Darcus (5 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/node/148756">"For every racist, I've met scores of kind people"</a>. <a href="New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220035/http://www.newstatesman.com/node/148756">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PoliticalBiog-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticalBiog_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticalBiog_17-1">b</a> Bunce, Robin, and Paul Field, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_0pBgAAQBAJ&q=1961&pg=PA17">Darcus Howe: A Political Biography</a>, London: Bloomsbury, 2014, p. 23.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Bunce and Field (2014), p. 72.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RedPepper-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedPepper_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedPepper_19-1">b</a> Howe, Darcus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redpepper.org.uk/nelson-mandela-clr-james-and-the-brixton-radicals-how-south-africa-inspired-south-london/">"Nelson Mandela, CLR James and the Brixton radicals: how South Africa inspired South London"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071309/http://www.redpepper.org.uk/nelson-mandela-clr-james-and-the-brixton-radicals-how-south-africa-inspired-south-london/">Archived</a> 13 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="Red_Pepper_(magazine)" title="Red Pepper (magazine)">Red Pepper</a>, 6 December 2013.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="James_Heartfield" title="James Heartfield">Heartfield, James</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/darcus-howe-fearless-in-thought-and-deed/19636#.WOTnh9LytPY">"Darcus Howe: fearless in thought and deed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405213252/http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/darcus-howe-fearless-in-thought-and-deed/19636#.WOTnh9LytPY">Archived</a> 5 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Spiked, 3 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Howe, Darcus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/if-i-pleaded-guilty-said-lawyer-id-only-get-five-years">"If I pleaded guilty, said the lawyer, I'd only get five years"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220205/http://www.newstatesman.com/if-i-pleaded-guilty-said-lawyer-id-only-get-five-years">Archived</a> 4 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Statesman, 4 December 1998. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationaltimes.it/index.php?year=1971&volume=IT-Volume-1&issue=96&item=IT_1971-01-28_B-IT-Volume-1_Iss-96_003">"Racists in Setback"</a>. Internationaltimes.it. 28 January 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007103744/http://www.internationaltimes.it/index.php?year=1971&volume=IT-Volume-1&issue=96&item=IT_1971-01-28_B-IT-Volume-1_Iss-96_003">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBunce2010" class="citation news cs1">Bunce, Robin (1 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025134/http://diversemag.co.uk/landmark-court-case-against-police-racism/">"Landmark Court Case Against Police Racism"</a>. Diverse Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diversemag.co.uk/landmark-court-case-against-police-racism/">the original</a> on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mangrovenine-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mangrovenine_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mangrovenine_24-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBunceField2010" class="citation news cs1">Bunce, Robin; Field, Paul (29 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/nov/29/mangrove-nine-40th-anniversary">"Mangrove Nine: the court challenge against police racism in Notting Hill"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224050855/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/nov/29/mangrove-nine-40th-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K-U9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=dkgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5326,2664288&dq=mangrove+restaurant+notting+hill&hl=en">"Brawl in dock at Old Bailey"</a>, The Glasgow Herald, 13 November 1971.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/the-pioneering-years/new-beacon-books-early-history/towards-radical-black-publishing-space/race">"Race Today"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403212447/http://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/the-pioneering-years/new-beacon-books-early-history/towards-radical-black-publishing-space/race">Archived</a> 3 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="George_Padmore_Institute" title="George Padmore Institute">George Padmore Institute</a> website.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Evan-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Evan_27-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Dr_Evan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Dr Evan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ercw.openlibrary.manchester.ac.uk/index.php/ercw/article/view/50/47">"Conflicting Narratives of Black Youth Rebellion in Modern Britain"</a>. Ethnicity and Race in a Changing World. 1 (3): 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403112230/https://ercw.openlibrary.manchester.ac.uk/index.php/ercw/article/view/50/47">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Renton, David (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://review31.co.uk/article/view/259/racism-had-taken-a-beating">"'Racism Had Taken a Beating'"</a>, Review 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403014735/http://review31.co.uk/article/view/259/racism-had-taken-a-beating">Archived</a> 3 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (review of Robin Bunce and Paul Field, Darcus Howe: A Political Biography).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Relations1977-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Relations1977_29-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStaff1977" class="citation book cs1">Staff (1 February 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LdIAAAAYAAJ">Race Today</a>. Institute of Race Relations. p. 100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403024608/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LdIAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Habekost1993-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Habekost1993_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habekost1993_30-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHabekost,_Christian1993" class="citation book cs1">Habekost, Christian (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNXMnX6ZMEgC&pg=PA162">Verbal Riddim: The Politics and Aesthetics of African-Caribbean Dub Poetry</a>. Rodopi. p. 162. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-5183-549-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111230544/http://books.google.com/books?id=GNXMnX6ZMEgC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Blagrove, Ishmahil, and Margaret Busby (eds), Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival, London: Rice N Peas, 2017 (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0954529321</bdi>), pp. 259, 261.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Blagrove and Busby (2014), p. 345.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1303360/index.html">"'Bandung File (1985–91)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823150117/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1303360/index.html">Archived</a> 23 August 2019 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI, Screenonline.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/312989">"Darcus Howe"</a>. New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212800/http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/312989">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/programmes/son-of-mine=">"Son of Mine"</a>, Channel4.com.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hy-Ap4LQB-4">"Joan Rivers Confronts Darcus Howe's "Racist" Remark on BBC Radio (Audio)"</a> (19 October 2005). YouTube.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4358172.stm">"Race row disrupts Radio 4 debate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031184023/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4358172.stm">Archived</a> 31 October 2005 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC website, 19 October 2005.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4360054.stm">"Transcript of BBC radio race row"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425195124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4360054.stm">Archived</a> 25 April 2009 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 20 October 2005.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vou_Ani-lKE">"Brasseye - Darcus Howe - Delcine - Zeitguest - Zeitgeist"</a>. <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved 16 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/09/london-riots-bbc-interview_n_922857.html">"London Riots: BBC Interview Gets Testy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118125652/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/09/london-riots-bbc-interview_n_922857.html">Archived</a> 18 November 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>, 10 August 2011.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Hughes, Sarah Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/bbc-apologizes-to-darcus-howe-for-poorly-phrased-question/2011/08/11/gIQA7fMp8I_blog.html">"BBC apologizes to Darcus Howe for ‘poorly phrased question’"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023024209/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/bbc-apologizes-to-darcus-howe-for-poorly-phrased-question/2011/08/11/gIQA7fMp8I_blog.html">Archived</a> 23 October 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Washington Post, 11 August 2011.

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biJgILxGK0o">Armstrong-Howe interview</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, BBC News, 9 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.</li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/complaints/content/response/res_bbcnewsriotscoverage">"BBC News, England riots coverage"</a>, BBC complaints website, 10 August 2011.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Reporters: Anna Browning, Vanessa Barford, Fiona Bailey and Rebecca Cafe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14449675">"As it happened: England riots day five"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712000915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14449675">Archived</a> 12 July 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Pangburn, D. J., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/129130/writer-darcus-howe-rips-bbc-on-coverage-of-london-riots/">Writer Darcus Howe Rips BBC on Coverage of London Riots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107005600/http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/129130/writer-darcus-howe-rips-bbc-on-coverage-of-london-riots/">Archived</a> 7 January 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Death and Taxes, 9 August 2011.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39473698">"Civil rights activist Darcus Howe dies"</a>. BBC News. 2 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610090616/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39473698">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAitkenhead2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Decca_Aitkenhead" title="Decca Aitkenhead">Aitkenhead, Decca</a> (3 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/oct/15/broadcasting.raceintheuk">"Interview: Darcus and Amiri Howe | Media"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829182424/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/oct/15/broadcasting.raceintheuk">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/howe_tamara#heading-roles-and-responsibilities">"Tamara Howe, Controller of Business, Comedy & Entertainment, Television"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120182957/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/howe_tamara#heading-roles-and-responsibilities">Archived</a> 20 January 2019 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, About the BBC.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFuscoe2020" class="citation news cs1">Fuscoe, Jan (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bylinetimes.com/2020/09/29/the-woman-with-the-afro-the-story-of-barbara-beese/">"The Woman With the Afro: The Story of Barbara Beese"</a>. Byline Times. Retrieved 24 November 2020. <q>I made contact with Barbara's son Darcus (named after his father and the well-known activist Darcus Howe), who confirmed that the image was of his mother and that he was the boy, aged around five years old at the time.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHowe,_Darcus2009" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Darcus (17 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/nov/17/darcus-howe-surviving-prostate-cancer">"My battle with prostate cancer | Society"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814110811/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/nov/17/darcus-howe-surviving-prostate-cancer">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/darcus-howe-funeral-arrangements-announced">"Darcus Howe Funeral Arrangements Announced"</a>, The Voice, 11 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092309/http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/darcus-howe-funeral-arrangements-announced">Archived</a> 21 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brixtonblog.com/wreath-for-darcus-howe-on-railton-road/44010">"Wreath for Darcus Howe on Railton Road"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421101947/http://www.brixtonblog.com/wreath-for-darcus-howe-on-railton-road/44010">Archived</a> 21 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brixton Blog,

19 April 2017.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Photiou, Andrea (20 April 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/he-will-surely-be-missed-darcus-howe-casket-stops-se24">"'He Will Surely Be Missed': Darcus Howe Casket Stops In SE24"</a>, The Voice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420202037/http://voice-online.co.uk/article/he-will-surely-be-missed-darcus-howe-casket-stops-se24">Archived</a> 20 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="Marc_Wadsworth" title="Marc Wadsworth">Wadsworth, Marc</a> (20 April 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecroydoncitizen.com/history/tribute-darcus-howe/">"A tribute to Darcus Howe"</a>, The Croydon Citizen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928170317/https://thecroydoncitizen.com/history/tribute-darcus-howe/">Archived</a> 28 September 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Photiou, Andrea (21 April 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/darcus-howe-funeral-pictures-and-heartfelt-words">"Darcus Howe Funeral: Pictures And Heartfelt Words"</a>, The Voice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426143436/http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/darcus-howe-funeral-pictures-and-heartfelt-words/">Archived</a> 26 April 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/darcus-howe-9781849664950/">Darcus Howe: A Political Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172209/http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/darcus-howe-9781849664950/">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Robin Bunce, Paul Field, Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1849664950</bdi>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Bunce, Robin, and Paul Field, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/d/Books/Renegade-Life-Times-Darcus-Howe/1408886200/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1491152561&sr=8-1&keywords=Darcus+Howe">Renegade: The Life and Times of Darcus Howe</a>, Bloomsbury Paperbacks, 2017. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1408886205</bdi>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itzcaribbean.com/uk/history/mangrove-nine/">"Mangrove Nine"</a>. itzcaribbean. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>The Mangrove Nine film portrays interviews with the defendants recorded before the final verdicts were delivered at the trial, as well as contemporary comments from Ian Macdonald and others.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0402359/">"The Mangrove Nine"</a>, IMDb.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArboine2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Arboine, Niellah (11 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/what-happened-to-the-mangrove-nine">"Where Are The Mangrove 9 Now?"</a>. <a href="Bustle_(magazine)" title="Bustle (magazine)">Bustle</a>. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://songsear.ch/song/Linton-Kwesi-Johnson/Man-Free-For-Darcus-Howe/3797708">"Man Free (For Darcus Howe)"</a>. Song Search. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darcushowe.org/the-collective-foundation/">"The Collective"</a>. Darcus How Legacy. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.ac.uk/calendar/?id=14278">"Gary Younge Talk on Darcus Howe, Race Today: Legacies of Resistance"</a>. Goldsmiths, University of London. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBagheri2023" class="citation web cs1">Bagheri, Mo (27 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/latest-events/darcus-howe-race-today-legacies-of-resistance/">"Darcus Howe, Race Today: Legacies of Resistance"</a>. blackhistorymonth.org.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMohdin2023" class="citation news cs1">Mohdin, Aamna (2 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/02/race-today-archive-chronicling-black-britons-lives-launches-online">"Race Today archive chronicling lives of black Britons to launch online"</a>. The Guardian.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darcushowe.org/darcus-howe/">Darcus Howe Legacy website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201030202/http://blackinbritain.co.uk/DarkusHowe.htm">"Bio"</a> at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 1 February 2009), BlackinBritain.co.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2011.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/darcus-howe-and-britains-black-power-movement">"Darcus Howe and Britain's Black Power movement"</a>, 1900–2000s, Our Migration Story.</li>

<li>Christian Høgsbjerg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistreview.org.uk/424/darcus-howe-black-power-new-left">"Darcus Howe: Black Power in the New Left"</a> (obituary), <a href="Socialist_Review" title="Socialist Review">Socialist Review</a> 424 (May 2017).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=3q5I3YDb6CY">"A Political Life - Darcus Howe and Robin Bunce"</a>, YouTube video, 10 August 2015.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/7089617?counter=1">Darcus Howe papers at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp83353">Portraits of Darcus Howe</a> at the <a href="National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5222351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5222351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000027432277">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2324149198288374940003">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp67bFrTVP9XDTJd8YpT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1131052323">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87923184">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072037237">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14006977">Norway</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/08407d66-e88d-4156-bdb7-e4db8972e154">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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